Wheels Vehicle Simulation
Input Parameters
Curb Weight: | 7000 lb |
Payload: | 400 lb |
Drag Coefficient: | 0.39 |
Frontal Area: | 31.5 ft2 |
Rolling Resistance Coefficient: | 0.008 |
Wheel Diameter: | 35 in |
Rotation Factor: | 1.0 |
Grade | 0 percent |
Air Density: | 1.2 kg/m3 |
Ave. engine efficiency: | 90 percent |
Ave. drivetrain efficiency: | 98 percent |
Ave. regen efficiency: | 65 percent |
Fuel heating value: | 114132 btu/gal |
Driving Cycle: | 60MPH |
Total energy demanded at wheels: | 12261287.32 J (3.4059 kWh) | |
Consumed by Aerodynamic Drag: | 7267887.17 J (59.27 %) | |
Consumed by Rolling Resistance: | 3991432.27 J (32.55 %) | |
Consumed by Braking: | 1001967.88 J (8.17 %) | |
Distance traveled: | 9.42 miles | |
Gross efficiency: | 1301.77 kJ/mile (0.3616 kWh/mile) | |
Gross thermal fuel economy (at wheels): | 92.44 mi/gal | |
Net fuel economy (engine 90%, drivetrain 98%): | 81.53 mi/gal | |
With regenerative braking at 65 percent: | 86.11 mi/gal | |
Time in Idle: | 1 sec | |
Time in Acceleration: | 32 sec | |
Time in Powered Deceleration: | 0 sec | |
Time in Cruise: | 535 sec | |
Time in Braking: | 32 sec | |
This accounts for 600 of 600 seconds in the cycle. |
Plot
Key:
Velocities (bold green)
aero power (thin red)
rolling resistance power (thin black)
cumulative aero energy (bold red)
cumulative rolling resistance energy (bold black)
Scale: 1 vertical square = 2 kW (power) or 0.2 MJ (energy) or 10 mi/hr. Time: 1 horizontal square = 20 seconds. Each square is 20x20 pixels.
Any values beyond the vertical extent of the chart are cut off.
This image is deleted from the server shortly after it is generated. To save it, drag it to the desktop. Or, make a nicer chart by downloading the data below to a spreadsheet.
Potential mi/gal on 60MPH Cycle
The cells in the matrix indicate the potential fuel economy of this vehicle (mi/gal)
as a function of average regenerative braking efficiency (horizontal) and average fuel-to-wheels efficiency (vertical).
The fuel-to-wheels efficiency is the average efficiency with which fuel energy is converted to work and transmitted to the wheels.
It includes the engine and drivetrain efficiencies. For anything powered by an internal combustion engine, only values well under 40% could be considered realistic.
Average Regen efficiency (% entering regen system * RT component efficiency) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1.00 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.00 | ||
Average Fuel-to-wheels efficiency | 1.00 | 100.74 | 100.29 | 99.85 | 99.41 | 98.98 | 98.54 | 98.12 | 97.69 | 97.27 | 96.86 | 96.45 | 96.04 | 95.63 | 95.23 | 94.83 | 94.43 | 94.04 | 93.65 | 93.27 | 92.88 | 92.51 |
0.95 | 95.70 | 95.28 | 94.86 | 94.44 | 94.03 | 93.62 | 93.21 | 92.81 | 92.41 | 92.02 | 91.62 | 91.23 | 90.85 | 90.47 | 90.09 | 89.71 | 89.34 | 88.97 | 88.60 | 88.24 | 87.88 | |
0.90 | 90.66 | 90.26 | 89.86 | 89.47 | 89.08 | 88.69 | 88.31 | 87.92 | 87.55 | 87.17 | 86.80 | 86.43 | 86.07 | 85.71 | 85.35 | 84.99 | 84.64 | 84.29 | 83.94 | 83.60 | 83.25 | |
0.85 | 85.63 | 85.25 | 84.87 | 84.50 | 84.13 | 83.76 | 83.40 | 83.04 | 82.68 | 82.33 | 81.98 | 81.63 | 81.29 | 80.94 | 80.61 | 80.27 | 79.94 | 79.61 | 79.28 | 78.95 | 78.63 | |
0.80 | 80.59 | 80.23 | 79.88 | 79.53 | 79.18 | 78.84 | 78.49 | 78.16 | 77.82 | 77.49 | 77.16 | 76.83 | 76.50 | 76.18 | 75.86 | 75.55 | 75.23 | 74.92 | 74.61 | 74.31 | 74.00 | |
0.75 | 75.55 | 75.22 | 74.89 | 74.56 | 74.23 | 73.91 | 73.59 | 73.27 | 72.96 | 72.64 | 72.33 | 72.03 | 71.72 | 71.42 | 71.12 | 70.83 | 70.53 | 70.24 | 69.95 | 69.66 | 69.38 | |
0.70 | 70.52 | 70.20 | 69.89 | 69.59 | 69.28 | 68.98 | 68.68 | 68.39 | 68.09 | 67.80 | 67.51 | 67.23 | 66.94 | 66.66 | 66.38 | 66.10 | 65.83 | 65.56 | 65.29 | 65.02 | 64.75 | |
0.65 | 65.48 | 65.19 | 64.90 | 64.62 | 64.33 | 64.05 | 63.78 | 63.50 | 63.23 | 62.96 | 62.69 | 62.42 | 62.16 | 61.90 | 61.64 | 61.38 | 61.13 | 60.87 | 60.62 | 60.37 | 60.13 | |
0.60 | 60.44 | 60.17 | 59.91 | 59.65 | 59.39 | 59.13 | 58.87 | 58.62 | 58.36 | 58.11 | 57.87 | 57.62 | 57.38 | 57.14 | 56.90 | 56.66 | 56.43 | 56.19 | 55.96 | 55.73 | 55.50 | |
0.55 | 55.41 | 55.16 | 54.92 | 54.68 | 54.44 | 54.20 | 53.96 | 53.73 | 53.50 | 53.27 | 53.05 | 52.82 | 52.60 | 52.38 | 52.16 | 51.94 | 51.72 | 51.51 | 51.30 | 51.09 | 50.88 | |
0.50 | 50.37 | 50.15 | 49.92 | 49.71 | 49.49 | 49.27 | 49.06 | 48.85 | 48.64 | 48.43 | 48.22 | 48.02 | 47.82 | 47.61 | 47.41 | 47.22 | 47.02 | 46.83 | 46.63 | 46.44 | 46.25 | |
0.45 | 45.33 | 45.13 | 44.93 | 44.73 | 44.54 | 44.35 | 44.15 | 43.96 | 43.77 | 43.59 | 43.40 | 43.22 | 43.03 | 42.85 | 42.67 | 42.50 | 42.32 | 42.14 | 41.97 | 41.80 | 41.63 | |
0.40 | 40.29 | 40.12 | 39.94 | 39.76 | 39.59 | 39.42 | 39.25 | 39.08 | 38.91 | 38.74 | 38.58 | 38.41 | 38.25 | 38.09 | 37.93 | 37.77 | 37.62 | 37.46 | 37.31 | 37.15 | 37.00 | |
0.35 | 35.26 | 35.10 | 34.95 | 34.79 | 34.64 | 34.49 | 34.34 | 34.19 | 34.05 | 33.90 | 33.76 | 33.61 | 33.47 | 33.33 | 33.19 | 33.05 | 32.91 | 32.78 | 32.64 | 32.51 | 32.38 | |
0.30 | 30.22 | 30.09 | 29.95 | 29.82 | 29.69 | 29.56 | 29.44 | 29.31 | 29.18 | 29.06 | 28.93 | 28.81 | 28.69 | 28.57 | 28.45 | 28.33 | 28.21 | 28.10 | 27.98 | 27.87 | 27.75 | |
0.25 | 25.18 | 25.07 | 24.96 | 24.85 | 24.74 | 24.64 | 24.53 | 24.42 | 24.32 | 24.21 | 24.11 | 24.01 | 23.91 | 23.81 | 23.71 | 23.61 | 23.51 | 23.41 | 23.32 | 23.22 | 23.13 | |
0.20 | 20.15 | 20.06 | 19.97 | 19.88 | 19.80 | 19.71 | 19.62 | 19.54 | 19.45 | 19.37 | 19.29 | 19.21 | 19.13 | 19.05 | 18.97 | 18.89 | 18.81 | 18.73 | 18.65 | 18.58 | 18.50 | |
0.15 | 15.11 | 15.04 | 14.98 | 14.91 | 14.85 | 14.78 | 14.72 | 14.65 | 14.59 | 14.53 | 14.47 | 14.41 | 14.34 | 14.28 | 14.22 | 14.17 | 14.11 | 14.05 | 13.99 | 13.93 | 13.88 | |
0.10 | 10.07 | 10.03 | 9.98 | 9.94 | 9.90 | 9.85 | 9.81 | 9.77 | 9.73 | 9.69 | 9.64 | 9.60 | 9.56 | 9.52 | 9.48 | 9.44 | 9.40 | 9.37 | 9.33 | 9.29 | 9.25 | |
0.05 | 5.04 | 5.01 | 4.99 | 4.97 | 4.95 | 4.93 | 4.91 | 4.88 | 4.86 | 4.84 | 4.82 | 4.80 | 4.78 | 4.76 | 4.74 | 4.72 | 4.70 | 4.68 | 4.66 | 4.64 | 4.63 | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Average Regen efficiency (% entering regen system * RT component efficiency) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1.00 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.00 | ||
Average Drivetrain efficiency | 1.00 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 |
0.95 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 | |
0.90 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | |
0.85 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 | |
0.80 | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | |
0.75 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.72 | |
0.70 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.77 | |
0.65 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.80 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.82 | 0.83 | 0.83 | |
0.60 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.83 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | |
0.55 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.98 | |
0.50 | 0.99 | 1.00 | 1.00 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.45 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.40 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.35 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.30 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.25 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.20 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.15 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.10 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.05 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Consistency checks:
Energy balance: -1.36671587824821e-07 (-1.11465936840475e-12 %)
Energy balance successful.
Inertia balance check:
Positive inertia energy: 1207436.98 J
Removed by aerodynamic drag: 99056.02 J
Removed by rolling resistance: 106413.08 J
Removed by brakes: 1001967.88 J
Balance: -1.16415321826935e-09 (-9.64152365881179e-14 %)
Inertia balance successful.
Mode A (Accel) | Mode B (Decel, Cruise, Idle) | Mode C (Braked Decel) | Sum | Error | |
Aerodynamic Drag: | 99056.02 | 7069775.14 | 99056.02 | 7267887.17 | 9.31322574615479e-10 |
Rolling Resistance | 106413.08 | 3778606.11 | 106413.08 | 3991432.27 | 2.3283064365387e-09 |
Braking | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1001967.88 | 1001967.88 | 0 |
Inertia | 1207436.98 | 0.00 | -1207436.98 | -0.00 | -0.00 |
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This is run number 26673.