Wheels Vehicle Simulation
Input Parameters
Curb Weight: | 200 kg |
Payload: | 75 kg |
Drag Coefficient: | 0.8 |
Frontal Area: | 0.8 m2 |
Rolling Resistance Coefficient: | 0.01 |
Wheel Diameter: | 1 m |
Rotation Factor: | 1 |
Grade | 0 percent |
Air Density: | 1.2 kg/m3 |
Ave. engine efficiency: | 90 percent |
Ave. drivetrain efficiency: | 90 percent |
Ave. regen efficiency: | 90 percent |
Fuel heating value: | 114132 btu/gal |
Driving Cycle: | FTP |
Total energy demanded at wheels: | 2674013.21 J (0.7428 kWh) | |
Consumed by Aerodynamic Drag: | 1745728.92 J (65.28 %) | |
Consumed by Rolling Resistance: | 479180.50 J (17.91 %) | |
Consumed by Braking: | 449103.79 J (16.79 %) | |
Distance traveled: | 11.04 miles | |
Gross efficiency: | 242.18 kJ/mile (0.0673 kWh/mile) | |
Gross thermal fuel economy (at wheels): | 496.88 mi/gal | |
Net fuel economy (engine 90%, drivetrain 90%): | 402.48 mi/gal | |
With regenerative braking at 90 percent: | 474.15 mi/gal | |
Time in Idle: | 335 sec | |
Time in Acceleration: | 739 sec | |
Time in Powered Deceleration: | 311 sec | |
Time in Cruise: | 145 sec | |
Time in Braking: | 344 sec | |
This accounts for 1874 of 1874 seconds in the cycle. |
Plot
Key:
Velocities (bold green)
aero power (thin red)
rolling resistance power (thin black)
braking power (thin blue)
cumulative aero energy (bold red)
cumulative rolling resistance energy (bold black)
cumulative braking energy (bold blue)
Scale: 1 vertical square = 2 kW (power) or 0.2 MJ (energy) or 10 mi/hr. Time: 1 horizontal square = 20 seconds. Each square is 20x20 pixels.
Any values beyond the vertical extent of the chart are cut off.
This image is deleted from the server shortly after it is generated. To save it, drag it to the desktop. Or, make a nicer chart by downloading the data below to a spreadsheet.
Potential mi/gal on FTP Cycle
The cells in the matrix indicate the potential fuel economy of this vehicle (mi/gal)
as a function of average regenerative braking efficiency (horizontal) and average fuel-to-wheels efficiency (vertical).
The fuel-to-wheels efficiency is the average efficiency with which fuel energy is converted to work and transmitted to the wheels.
It includes the engine and drivetrain efficiencies. For anything powered by an internal combustion engine, only values well under 40% could be considered realistic.
Average Regen efficiency (% entering regen system * RT component efficiency) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1.00 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.00 | ||
Average Fuel-to-wheels efficiency | 1.00 | 597.61 | 591.63 | 585.78 | 580.04 | 574.42 | 568.90 | 563.48 | 558.17 | 552.96 | 547.84 | 542.82 | 537.89 | 533.05 | 528.29 | 523.62 | 519.03 | 514.52 | 510.09 | 505.73 | 501.45 | 497.24 |
0.95 | 567.72 | 562.05 | 556.49 | 551.04 | 545.69 | 540.45 | 535.31 | 530.26 | 525.31 | 520.45 | 515.68 | 510.99 | 506.39 | 501.88 | 497.44 | 493.08 | 488.79 | 484.58 | 480.44 | 476.38 | 472.37 | |
0.90 | 537.84 | 532.47 | 527.20 | 522.04 | 516.97 | 512.01 | 507.13 | 502.35 | 497.66 | 493.06 | 488.54 | 484.10 | 479.74 | 475.46 | 471.26 | 467.13 | 463.07 | 459.08 | 455.16 | 451.30 | 447.51 | |
0.85 | 507.96 | 502.89 | 497.91 | 493.04 | 488.25 | 483.56 | 478.96 | 474.45 | 470.01 | 465.67 | 461.40 | 457.21 | 453.09 | 449.05 | 445.08 | 441.18 | 437.34 | 433.57 | 429.87 | 426.23 | 422.65 | |
0.80 | 478.08 | 473.31 | 468.62 | 464.03 | 459.53 | 455.12 | 450.79 | 446.54 | 442.37 | 438.27 | 434.26 | 430.31 | 426.44 | 422.63 | 418.90 | 415.22 | 411.62 | 408.07 | 404.58 | 401.16 | 397.79 | |
0.75 | 448.20 | 443.73 | 439.34 | 435.03 | 430.81 | 426.67 | 422.61 | 418.63 | 414.72 | 410.88 | 407.12 | 403.42 | 399.79 | 396.22 | 392.71 | 389.27 | 385.89 | 382.57 | 379.30 | 376.09 | 372.93 | |
0.70 | 418.32 | 414.14 | 410.05 | 406.03 | 402.09 | 398.23 | 394.44 | 390.72 | 387.07 | 383.49 | 379.97 | 376.52 | 373.13 | 369.80 | 366.53 | 363.32 | 360.16 | 357.06 | 354.01 | 351.01 | 348.07 | |
0.65 | 388.44 | 384.56 | 380.76 | 377.03 | 373.37 | 369.78 | 366.26 | 362.81 | 359.42 | 356.10 | 352.83 | 349.63 | 346.48 | 343.39 | 340.35 | 337.37 | 334.44 | 331.56 | 328.72 | 325.94 | 323.20 | |
0.60 | 358.56 | 354.98 | 351.47 | 348.03 | 344.65 | 341.34 | 338.09 | 334.90 | 331.78 | 328.71 | 325.69 | 322.73 | 319.83 | 316.97 | 314.17 | 311.42 | 308.71 | 306.05 | 303.44 | 300.87 | 298.34 | |
0.55 | 328.68 | 325.40 | 322.18 | 319.02 | 315.93 | 312.89 | 309.92 | 306.99 | 304.13 | 301.31 | 298.55 | 295.84 | 293.18 | 290.56 | 287.99 | 285.47 | 282.99 | 280.55 | 278.15 | 275.80 | 273.48 | |
0.50 | 298.80 | 295.82 | 292.89 | 290.02 | 287.21 | 284.45 | 281.74 | 279.09 | 276.48 | 273.92 | 271.41 | 268.94 | 266.52 | 264.15 | 261.81 | 259.51 | 257.26 | 255.04 | 252.87 | 250.72 | 248.62 | |
0.45 | 268.92 | 266.24 | 263.60 | 261.02 | 258.49 | 256.00 | 253.57 | 251.18 | 248.83 | 246.53 | 244.27 | 242.05 | 239.87 | 237.73 | 235.63 | 233.56 | 231.53 | 229.54 | 227.58 | 225.65 | 223.76 | |
0.40 | 239.04 | 236.65 | 234.31 | 232.02 | 229.77 | 227.56 | 225.39 | 223.27 | 221.18 | 219.14 | 217.13 | 215.16 | 213.22 | 211.32 | 209.45 | 207.61 | 205.81 | 204.03 | 202.29 | 200.58 | 198.89 | |
0.35 | 209.16 | 207.07 | 205.02 | 203.01 | 201.05 | 199.11 | 197.22 | 195.36 | 193.54 | 191.74 | 189.99 | 188.26 | 186.57 | 184.90 | 183.27 | 181.66 | 180.08 | 178.53 | 177.01 | 175.51 | 174.03 | |
0.30 | 179.28 | 177.49 | 175.73 | 174.01 | 172.32 | 170.67 | 169.04 | 167.45 | 165.89 | 164.35 | 162.85 | 161.37 | 159.91 | 158.49 | 157.09 | 155.71 | 154.36 | 153.03 | 151.72 | 150.43 | 149.17 | |
0.25 | 149.40 | 147.91 | 146.45 | 145.01 | 143.60 | 142.22 | 140.87 | 139.54 | 138.24 | 136.96 | 135.71 | 134.47 | 133.26 | 132.07 | 130.90 | 129.76 | 128.63 | 127.52 | 126.43 | 125.36 | 124.31 | |
0.20 | 119.52 | 118.33 | 117.16 | 116.01 | 114.88 | 113.78 | 112.70 | 111.63 | 110.59 | 109.57 | 108.56 | 107.58 | 106.61 | 105.66 | 104.72 | 103.81 | 102.90 | 102.02 | 101.15 | 100.29 | 99.45 | |
0.15 | 89.64 | 88.75 | 87.87 | 87.01 | 86.16 | 85.33 | 84.52 | 83.73 | 82.94 | 82.18 | 81.42 | 80.68 | 79.96 | 79.24 | 78.54 | 77.85 | 77.18 | 76.51 | 75.86 | 75.22 | 74.59 | |
0.10 | 59.76 | 59.16 | 58.58 | 58.00 | 57.44 | 56.89 | 56.35 | 55.82 | 55.30 | 54.78 | 54.28 | 53.79 | 53.30 | 52.83 | 52.36 | 51.90 | 51.45 | 51.01 | 50.57 | 50.14 | 49.72 | |
0.05 | 29.88 | 29.58 | 29.29 | 29.00 | 28.72 | 28.44 | 28.17 | 27.91 | 27.65 | 27.39 | 27.14 | 26.89 | 26.65 | 26.41 | 26.18 | 25.95 | 25.73 | 25.50 | 25.29 | 25.07 | 24.86 | |
0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Average Regen efficiency (% entering regen system * RT component efficiency) | ||||||||||||||||||||||
1.00 | 0.95 | 0.90 | 0.85 | 0.80 | 0.75 | 0.70 | 0.65 | 0.60 | 0.55 | 0.50 | 0.45 | 0.40 | 0.35 | 0.30 | 0.25 | 0.20 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.00 | ||
Average Drivetrain efficiency | 1.00 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 |
0.95 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | |
0.90 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | |
0.85 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | |
0.80 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | |
0.75 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | |
0.70 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.24 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 | |
0.65 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.26 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.27 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | |
0.60 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.28 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | |
0.55 | 0.30 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.31 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.37 | |
0.50 | 0.33 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.34 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.40 | |
0.45 | 0.37 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.40 | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.41 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | |
0.40 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.45 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.50 | |
0.35 | 0.48 | 0.48 | 0.49 | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.50 | 0.51 | 0.51 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.53 | 0.53 | 0.54 | 0.54 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 | |
0.30 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.57 | 0.57 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.59 | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.61 | 0.62 | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.65 | 0.65 | 0.66 | 0.66 | 0.67 | |
0.25 | 0.67 | 0.68 | 0.68 | 0.69 | 0.70 | 0.70 | 0.71 | 0.72 | 0.72 | 0.73 | 0.74 | 0.74 | 0.75 | 0.76 | 0.76 | 0.77 | 0.78 | 0.78 | 0.79 | 0.80 | 0.80 | |
0.20 | 0.84 | 0.85 | 0.85 | 0.86 | 0.87 | 0.88 | 0.89 | 0.90 | 0.90 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.93 | 0.94 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.97 | 0.98 | 0.99 | 1.00 | -- | |
0.15 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.10 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | |
0.05 | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Consistency checks:
Energy balance: 3.78349795937538e-09 (1.41491371078648e-13 %)
Energy balance successful.
Inertia balance check:
Positive inertia energy: 849972.60 J
Removed by aerodynamic drag: 285423.59 J
Removed by rolling resistance: 115445.22 J
Removed by brakes: 449103.79 J
Balance: 2.91038304567337e-10 (3.42409043789746e-14 %)
Inertia balance successful.
Mode A (Accel) | Mode B (Decel, Cruise, Idle) | Mode C (Braked Decel) | Sum | Error | |
Aerodynamic Drag: | 761401.23 | 876888.23 | 107439.46 | 1745728.92 | -3.49245965480804e-09 |
Rolling Resistance | 222699.21 | 187407.82 | 69073.47 | 479180.50 | -9.89530235528946e-10 |
Braking | 0.00 | 0.00 | 449103.79 | 449103.79 | 0 |
Inertia | 849972.60 | -224355.87 | -625616.73 | -0.00 | -0.00 |
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This is run number 26646.